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Evaluating smart home protocols from a European digital sovereignty perspective:
The reality is that Z-Wave, Zigbee, and Thread are all predominantly controlled by American business interests. There is no neutral "Switzerland" here.
- Z-Wave: Proprietary and owned by a single US chipmaker. Closed ecosystem.
- Zigbee: Managed by a US-led alliance. Pay-to-play for certification.
- Thread/Matter: Steered by Google/Apple/Amazon.
However, Thread remains the most viable choice for open-source purists. Unlike the others, the reference implementation (OpenThread) is BSD-licensed. While we cannot change the governance, we can fully audit the code, verify the security stack, and run it locally without proprietary blobs.